Public Liability vs Employers' Liability in Ireland: Which Claim Applies After Your Accident?
Author: Gary Matthews, Principal Solicitor, Law Society of Ireland PC No. S8178 · 3rd Floor, Ormond Building, 31–36 Ormond Quay Upper, Dublin D07 · 01 903 6408 ·
The main difference between public liability and employers' liability in Ireland is who owes the duty of care: the occupier owes it to visitors under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1995, while the employer owes it to employees under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. The same wet floor in the same supermarket can give rise to two completely different claim types. If a customer slips on a spill, it's a public liability claim. Occupiers' Liability Act 1995 (Revised 2024) [1]. If an employee slips on that same spill, it's an employers' liability claim. Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (Enacted 2005) [2]. The distinction matters because different legislation applies, different duties are owed, and the evidence your solicitor needs to gather is different.
This is general legal information, not legal advice. Every case depends on its own facts. Contact a solicitor for advice about your specific situation.
Public liability covers injuries to visitors, customers, and the general public caused by negligence on premises. Employers' liability covers injuries to employees caused by an employer's breach of workplace safety duties. Both go through the Injuries Resolution Board (Updated 2025) [3] and share the same two-year time limit. 1 2 The governing legislation, the standard of duty, and the evidence requirements differ.
Quick answers
Contents
What determines whether you have a public liability or employers' liability claim?
Your legal relationship with the person or entity responsible for the premises determines your claim type under Irish law. If you were a visitor, customer, or member of the public, your claim falls under public liability. If you were an employee carrying out your work duties, it falls under employers' liability. The location alone does not decide the issue.
A common mistake is thinking the place of the accident decides the claim. An employee who slips in a hotel lobby while working there has an employers' liability claim against their employer. A hotel guest who slips in the same lobby has a public liability claim against the hotel as occupier. Same hazard, same spot, two different legal frameworks.
We call this the Claim-Type Classification Test: ask four questions about any accident in Ireland. (1) Were you working at the time? (2) Who controlled the premises? (3) Were you an employee, contractor, or visitor? (4) Did the hazard arise from the premises condition or from a work activity? The answers determine the correct legal route and the correct defendant.
One detail that catches many claimants off guard: getting the classification wrong at the start can mean filing against the wrong defendant's insurer, adding months of delay to a claim that already has a two-year deadline.
Claim-Type Classification Tool
Answer four questions to find out which claim type may apply to your accident. This is general guidance only, not legal advice.
1. Were you working or carrying out work duties at the time of the accident?
2. Were you injured on your own employer's premises, or on someone else's premises?
3. What is your work status?
4. Did the hazard arise from the condition of the premises (wet floor, broken step, poor lighting) or from a work activity (equipment, process, lack of training)?
The Irish legislation behind each claim type
Public liability claims in Ireland are governed by the Occupiers' Liability Act 1995 (as amended in July 2023), while employers' liability claims fall under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. Each statute imposes different obligations and different standards of care. Unlike in England and Wales, where the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 makes EL insurance a legal requirement, Ireland has no equivalent compulsory obligation.
| Public Liability | Employers' Liability | |
|---|---|---|
| Primary statute | Occupiers' Liability Act 1995 (amended 2023) 1 | SHWW Act 2005 2 |
| Who is protected | Visitors, customers, recreational users, trespassers (reduced level) | Employees, trainees, certain workers treated as employees |
| Who owes the duty | The occupier (person in control of premises) | The employer |
| Standard of duty | Reasonable care (courts must weigh cost, probability, severity, social utility since 2023) | So far as is reasonably practicable: safe place, safe systems, training, competent staff, proper equipment |
| Compulsory insurance? | No statutory obligation in Ireland | No statutory obligation in Ireland (unlike the UK) |
| Regulator | No dedicated regulator | Health and Safety Authority (Updated 2025) [5] |
| Time limit | 2 years from accident or date of knowledge | 2 years from accident or date of knowledge |
| IRB required? | Yes (except medical negligence) | Yes (except medical negligence) |
Ireland is not the UK (two key differences). First, the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 makes EL insurance a legal requirement in England and Wales with fines of up to £2,500 per day. No equivalent exists in Ireland. Irish Legal Guide (Updated 2023) [6]. Second, Ireland requires mandatory IRB assessment before court proceedings for both claim types. The UK has no equivalent pre-court assessment body. Unlike in England and Wales where the limitation period is three years, Irish law allows only two.
How the duty of care differs in Ireland between the two frameworks
The employer's duty under Irish law is broader and harder to escape than the occupier's duty to visitors. Irish courts have consistently held that the employer's obligation to provide a safe system of work is essentially non-delegable. The occupier's duty, by contrast, was significantly re-balanced by the 2023 amendments to the Occupiers' Liability Act 1995.
Under Section 8 of the 2005 Act, employers must provide and maintain a safe place of work, safe systems of work, competent fellow employees, proper equipment, and adequate training and supervision. The HSA 5 can prosecute for breaches. 2
For public liability claims, the occupier owes a "common duty of care" to take reasonable steps to prevent injury from dangers due to the state of the premises. Since July 2023, courts must consider specific factors when assessing this duty, raising the threshold for claimants. 1
The employer's duty is NOT the same as the occupier's duty. The employer cannot delegate responsibility for safe systems of work to a subcontractor or site manager. The occupier's duty, after the 2023 amendments, now allows courts to consider whether the visitor accepted an obvious risk through their own conduct.
A critical detail when your employer is also the occupier of the premises (a shop owner, a hotel operator, a factory manager): Section 8 of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1995 provides that the Act does not affect "employers in respect of their duties towards their employees." 1 Your employer-occupier owes you both duties simultaneously. This means you can argue breach under both the SHWW Act 2005 (employers' liability) and the OLA 1995 (occupiers' liability) from a single accident on their premises.
The timing matters more than most guides suggest: if you were injured as a visitor after July 2023, the higher public liability threshold applies. If the same accident happened while you were working, the employer's stricter duty still governs. The next step is to identify which framework your accident falls under before gathering evidence.
How did the 2023 Act change public liability claims in Ireland?
The Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2023 raised the bar for public liability claims without changing the employer's duty of care. The amendments came into force on 31 July 2023 as part of the Government's Action Plan for Insurance Reform. William Fry (September 2023) [7]
The amended Section 3 requires courts to weigh the probability of the danger, the likelihood and severity of injury, the cost and practicability of preventive measures, and the social utility of the activity creating the risk. Occupiers can now assume that adult visitors will take reasonable care for their own safety. 7
A new Section 5A allows courts to find that a visitor voluntarily accepted a risk based on their conduct alone, removing the old requirement for a written agreement. For recreational users and trespassers, occupiers must now have "known of, or been reckless" about the danger. 7
Case: Byrne v Ardenheath Company Limited [2017] IECA 293
Holding: The Court of Appeal held that courts must account for the degree of care a visitor may reasonably be expected to take for their own safety when assessing an occupier's duty.
Why it matters: The 2023 Act codified this principle into statute. Public liability claimants now face a stronger defence argument. Employers' liability claims are not subject to this raised threshold.
Practical impact: If you were injured on commercial premises as a customer after July 2023, your solicitor faces a higher evidential burden. If the same accident happened while you were working, the employer's stricter duty still applies. Getting the Claim-Type Classification Test right from the start is more important than ever.
When does your accident fall under both public liability and employers' liability in Ireland?
Some accidents in Ireland create concurrent claims under both frameworks at once. Under Section 11 of the Civil Liability Act 1961 (Enacted 1961) [8], multiple parties can be found liable as concurrent wrongdoers for the same damage. Dual liability is NOT the same as choosing one route or the other. Both claims can run simultaneously against different defendants.
If you were a delivery driver injured on a client's unsafe loading bay: You may claim against your employer (employers' liability, SHWW Act 2005, s.8) AND against the premises owner (public liability, OLA 1995, s.3).
If you were a customer who slipped in a shop: Your claim runs against the shop as occupier under public liability only. The employer's duty does not extend to you as a visitor.
If you were a contract cleaner injured in a shopping centre: Your employer owed you a safe system of work. The shopping centre management also owed you a duty as a lawful visitor. Both may be liable as concurrent wrongdoers.
If you were a self-employed electrician injured on a construction site: The site controller owed you a duty under the OLA 1995. At this point, you'll need to decide whether the Karshan test (below) might reclassify your status as employee.
Between assessment and settlement, the sticking point in dual-liability cases is usually apportionment. The courts decide how to split fault between the defendants. For the injured person, having two potential defendants can strengthen the claim because recovery does not depend on a single party's ability to pay.
The subcontractor trap: labour-only vs bona fide
The classification of subcontractors directly determines which liability framework applies in Ireland. Labour-only subcontractors work under the principal contractor's direction, use the contractor's tools and materials, and are treated as employees for liability purposes. If a labour-only subcontractor is injured, the claim runs under employers' liability against the principal contractor. 2
Bona fide subcontractors operate independently, carry their own public liability insurance, provide their own materials, and control their own work methods. If a bona fide subcontractor is injured on site, the claim typically runs under public liability against the site occupier rather than under employers' liability. However, under OLA 1995, s.7 (Enacted 1995) [14], a principal contractor can still be held liable for a bona fide subcontractor's negligence if they failed to take reasonable steps to ensure the subcontractor was competent.
One detail that surprises clients: the label on the contract does not decide the classification. A worker called "self-employed subcontractor" on paper may still be treated as a labour-only subcontractor (and therefore an employee for liability purposes) if the principal contractor controls how, when, and where they work. The Karshan test below applies here too.
Section 12 cross-duty: when employer safety law protects non-employees
Section 12 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 extends the employer's duty beyond their own employees to persons who are not their employees but who may be exposed to risks at the place of work in Ireland. Every employer must manage their undertaking so that non-employees at the workplace are not exposed to risks to their safety, so far as is reasonably practicable. This is the statutory mechanism that creates dual liability at multi-employer construction sites, shared offices, and logistics hubs. 2
Section 15 of the same Act places a separate duty on persons in control of a non-domestic place of work to manage the premises so that people using it are not exposed to risks. Section 21 requires employers who share a place of work to co-ordinate their safety measures, share relevant safety statements, and inform each other about hazards. HSA Guide to SHWW Act (Updated 2025) [5]
The practical effect: an injured worker on a shared site may have claims under the OLA 1995 (against the site occupier as a visitor) AND under the SHWW Act 2005 (against an employer who shares the site but failed to co-ordinate safety under Section 21, or against the site controller under Section 15). The next step is to map every party who controlled or shared the premises at the time of the accident.
Who counts as an employee after the Karshan decision?
The Supreme Court's October 2023 ruling in Revenue Commissioners v Karshan (Midlands) Ltd t/a Domino's Pizza changed how Irish courts determine employment status. The Court replaced the traditional "mutuality of obligation" test with a five-step framework. A&L Goodbody (October 2023) [9]
Case: Revenue Commissioners v Karshan (Midlands) Ltd t/a Domino's Pizza [2023] IESC 24
Holding: The Supreme Court established a five-step test: (1) exchange of remuneration, (2) personal service, (3) sufficient employer control, (4) worker not in business on own account, (5) legislative context.
Why it matters: Gig workers, delivery drivers, and subcontractors previously assumed to be self-employed may now be reclassified as employees. A worker who files a public liability claim as a "visitor" might discover that the Karshan test makes them an employee, shifting the entire legal framework to employers' liability.
The Karshan Claim-Type Classification Test applies directly to the public liability vs employers' liability question. If a principal contractor mandates uniforms, controls work hours, and requires branded vehicles, the worker looks more like an employee. If injured, that worker's claim shifts from public liability against the premises to employers' liability against the contractor. 9
From handling cases involving construction and logistics workers, the reclassification issue arises more often than published data suggests. The IRB statistics don't capture how many claims are reclassified mid-process after a Karshan-style analysis.
Where do public liability and employers' liability overlap through vicarious liability?
When an employee injures a member of the public during the course of work in Ireland, the employer is automatically liable under the doctrine of vicarious liability. McCarthy & Co (Updated 2024) [10]
A customer injured by an employee's actions brings a public liability claim against the business. The business's liability rests on the employment relationship with the negligent worker. The injured customer claims against the company, not the individual employee. 10
Vicarious liability is NOT the same as direct negligence. A company can face both types of claim from a single incident: an employers' liability claim from the injured employee and a public liability claim from an injured customer. The policies are separate and respond to separate duties.
When does an accident stop being "in the course of employment"?
The exact moment an accident falls inside or outside the course of employment determines whether employers' liability or public liability applies under Irish law. The boundary is not always where people expect it to be.
If you were travelling from home to your normal workplace: This is generally NOT in the course of employment. An injury during your regular commute is not an employers' liability claim. If you slipped on a footpath on the way to work, that is a public liability claim against the local authority or premises occupier.
If you were travelling between two work sites during the working day: This IS in the course of employment. An injury while moving between sites during work hours falls under employers' liability.
If you deviated from your work route for a personal errand: A significant deviation may take you outside the course of employment. An injury during a personal detour could fall under public liability rather than employers' liability, depending on how far the deviation went and whether it was authorised.
If you were on a work trip staying in a hotel: Activities reasonably connected to the trip (walking to a meeting, eating at the hotel) are generally in the course of employment. Purely recreational activities during the trip may not be.
Irish courts assess the "course of employment" question on the specific facts of each case. A worker injured five minutes after clocking off, still on the employer's premises, is typically still covered by employers' liability. A worker injured in a pub after a work social event is typically not. The line between the two frameworks can turn on very specific facts.
Contributory negligence works differently in each framework after 2023
The 2023 amendments to the Occupiers' Liability Act created an asymmetry in how contributory negligence operates across the two claim types. Under the new Section 5A, an occupier can now argue that a visitor voluntarily accepted a risk based purely on their conduct. Courts can find that the visitor's own behaviour removes the occupier's liability entirely, without any written agreement. 7
Employers cannot use this defence in employers' liability claims. The employer's duty under the SHWW Act 2005 is non-delegable. An employer cannot argue that an employee "accepted the risk" of working with defective equipment or in an unsafe environment. Contributory negligence can still reduce the employee's award under the Civil Liability Act 1961, but it cannot eliminate the employer's liability altogether the way voluntary assumption of risk can in post-2023 public liability cases.
The contributory negligence asymmetry means that the same accident, the same hazard, and the same degree of claimant awareness can produce very different legal outcomes depending on classification. For public liability claimants after July 2023, the occupier has a new defence that did not previously exist. For employers' liability claimants, the legal position remains unchanged.
Does the claim type change the IRB process?
The Injuries Resolution Board (IRB), formerly PIAB (changed 2023), handles both public liability and employers' liability claims through the same assessment process in Ireland. You must apply to the IRB before issuing court proceedings. 3
The process diverges on the defence side. In an employers' liability claim, your employer's insurer handles the response. In a public liability claim, the occupier's insurer responds. If either side rejects the IRB assessment, the Board issues an authorisation allowing you to proceed to court.
One aspect the official IRB guidance doesn't cover: when multiple respondents are involved in dual-liability cases, the assessment timeline can stretch because each defendant responds independently. Your solicitor manages this to ensure all potentially liable parties are included from the start. The next step after IRB assessment is either accepting the award or proceeding to court. See our guide to the IRB process for public liability claims.
What does the Central Bank claim data show about each type?
According to the Central Bank of Ireland's NCID data for H1 2024, employers' liability claims consistently result in higher average compensation than public liability claims in Ireland. Central Bank NCID (H1 2024) [11]
| Metric | Public Liability | Employers' Liability |
|---|---|---|
| Average IRB award (2024) | €21,377 | €25,544 |
| Share of total IRB awards | 13% | 17% |
| Average cost increase 2019-2022 | 44% | 34% |
| Claims under Personal Injuries Guidelines (H1 2024) | 42% of all EL/PL injury claims (22% of litigated) | |
| Average legal fees (litigation) | ~€28,500 | ~€40,000 |
Sources: IRB Annual Report 2024 (July 2025) [12]; Central Bank NCID H1 2024 11. All awards assessed under the Personal Injuries Guidelines (Judicial Council, 2021) 13, which replaced the Book of Quantum. Awards vary case-by-case.
A quick settlement can be tempting, but accepting an IRB assessment without legal advice may leave out future treatment costs or undervalue a workplace injury's long-term impact. Average legal fees through the IRB were €597, compared to €24,786 to €40,013 through litigation. 11
How does evidence differ between public liability and employers' liability claims in Ireland?
The evidence your solicitor gathers depends on the claim type: proving an occupier's negligence in Ireland requires different documentation than proving an employer's breach of statutory duty. Both claims need medical evidence and proof of causation, but the supporting evidence differs.
| Evidence type | Public Liability | Employers' Liability |
|---|---|---|
| Premises condition | CCTV, photos, cleaning logs, maintenance records, warning signs | Workplace risk assessments, safety statements, equipment inspection logs |
| Notice of hazard | How long the hazard existed, who knew, what warnings were in place | Whether the employer identified the risk in their safety statement (SHWW Act 2005, s.20 5) |
| Training | Typically not relevant | Training records, induction documents, manual handling certificates |
| Regulatory reports | Local authority inspections (if applicable) | HSA incident reports (employer must report injuries causing 3+ days absence) |
| Accident book | Accident report book entry | Mandatory employer accident reporting |
| Medical evidence | Medical reports linking injury to accident | Medical reports plus occupational health records if relevant |
If CCTV exists at the accident location, move quickly. Retention windows can be as short as 7 to 30 days. Once footage is overwritten, that evidence is gone permanently. For public liability claims, evidence about the duration of the hazard is often decisive. See our guide to evidence for public liability claims.
The safety statement gap: a built-in evidence asymmetry
Employers in Ireland must maintain a written safety statement under Section 20 of the SHWW Act 2005. Failing to have one is a criminal offence. Occupiers have no equivalent statutory obligation to maintain a written safety document for visitors. 5
The safety statement obligation creates a structural evidence advantage in employers' liability claims. If your employer cannot produce a safety statement, or if the statement fails to identify the specific hazard that caused your injury, that absence is itself evidence of breach. In public liability claims, there is no equivalent documentary starting point. The claimant must prove that the occupier knew or should have known about the hazard through cleaning logs, maintenance records, or CCTV.
Occupational disease claims: where employers' liability stands alone
Employers' liability claims in Ireland include occupational diseases that develop gradually over months or years. Public liability claims almost never involve gradual-onset conditions. Conditions such as hearing loss from workplace noise, repetitive strain injuries, occupational asthma, and work-related stress fall exclusively under the employers' liability framework.
The "date of knowledge" limitation rule is particularly important for occupational disease claims. The two-year clock does not start from the first exposure to the hazard. It starts from the date you knew, or should reasonably have known, that you had a condition caused by your work. What the timeline estimates don't account for: in occupational disease cases, the date of knowledge can be years after the original exposure, extending the effective limitation period well beyond what applies to a typical acute accident under either framework.
Not sure which type of claim you have?
If you're unsure whether your accident falls under public liability or employers' liability in Ireland, getting the Claim-Type Classification Test right early matters. Filing under the wrong framework can delay your claim. In grey-area cases, you may miss a valid concurrent claim against a second defendant entirely.
| You might think it's... | But it could actually be... | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Public liability (you were in a shop) | Employers' liability (you were working in the shop) | Your status as employee determines the framework |
| Employers' liability only | Both EL and PL (working on someone else's premises) | The premises occupier may also owe you a duty |
| No claim (you were a subcontractor) | Employers' liability (Karshan test reclassification) | The 2023 Supreme Court decision expanded the definition |
Common questions about public liability vs employers' liability in Ireland
Can I claim both public liability and employers' liability from the same accident?
Yes, in situations involving multiple liable parties in Ireland.
If you were injured while working on someone else's premises, you may have an employers' liability claim against your employer and a concurrent public liability claim against the premises occupier. The courts apportion fault between the defendants under the Civil Liability Act 1961. 8
The difference between assessment and acceptance in dual claims often comes down to which defendant's insurer responds first and whether both accept the IRB assessment.
Identify all potentially liable parties with your solicitor before filing the IRB application.
Is employers' liability insurance compulsory in Ireland?
No. Unlike the UK, Ireland does not have legislation making employers' liability insurance compulsory.
Most Irish employers carry EL insurance, but there is no legal penalty for not doing so. If your employer has no insurance and cannot pay damages, recovery may be very difficult. A director who personally controlled a dangerous situation may face personal liability. 6
A detail that catches many claimants off guard: the absence of compulsory EL insurance means winning the case does not mean you will collect the award.
If you suspect your employer lacks insurance, discuss recovery options with a solicitor early.
Does the claim type affect how much compensation I receive?
The claim type does not directly set the compensation amount in Ireland.
All personal injury claims are assessed under the Personal Injuries Guidelines (Judicial Council, 2021) 13, which replaced the Book of Quantum. Awards depend on injury severity, impact, and duration. Central Bank data shows EL claims tend to result in higher average awards, likely due to the more severe nature of typical workplace injuries. 11
The Guidelines state ranges by injury type, but in Circuit Court practice, the arguments about contributory negligence and evidence quality affect the actual outcome significantly.
To understand how this applies to your case, arrange a consultation with a solicitor experienced in personal injury.
What if my employer says the accident was my fault?
Contributory negligence can apply to both claim types in Ireland, but it reduces your damages rather than eliminating your claim.
Under the Civil Liability Act 1961, the court assesses the degree to which your own actions contributed. You CAN claim compensation even if you were partly at fault. 8
The difference between a 20% and 40% contributory negligence finding can be tens of thousands of euros. Evidence quality drives this assessment.
Gather your evidence early and speak with a solicitor before accepting any assessment.
I was a volunteer. Which claim type applies in Ireland?
Volunteers are typically not employees, so employers' liability usually won't apply.
Your claim would more likely fall under public liability against the premises occupier. However, if the organisation exercised significant control over your activities, the Karshan test could potentially reclassify the relationship. 9
Charity events, sports clubs, and community groups often assume they have no liability. The occupier's duty still applies.
If injured while volunteering, seek legal advice about who owed you a duty of care.
What is the time limit for making a claim?
Two years from the date of the accident or date of knowledge for both claim types in Ireland.
Special rules apply for children (the two-year period begins when they turn 18) and for injuries with delayed onset. Unlike in England and Wales where the limitation period is three years, Irish law allows only two. See our time limit guide.
The "date of knowledge" rule means the clock starts when you knew or should have known about the injury. Particularly relevant in occupational disease cases under employers' liability.
Contact a solicitor well before the two-year mark to allow time for evidence gathering and IRB processing.
Does public liability insurance cover employee injuries?
No. Public liability insurance policies explicitly exclude coverage for employees injured during work.
Employee injuries must be covered under a separate employers' liability insurance policy. Filing under the wrong policy results in the insurer rejecting the claim. 6
Filing under the wrong policy wastes months and can push you closer to the two-year time limit. This is NOT a technicality.
Confirm your employment status and the correct insurance route before filing.
What happens if my employer has no employers' liability insurance?
You can still bring a claim, but recovery becomes more difficult.
The claim is against the employer, not the insurer. If the employer has no insurance and no assets, the injured worker may be left without compensation. Courts can pursue the personal assets of a director who was directly responsible for unsafe conditions. 6
One aspect the official guidance doesn't cover: solicitors sometimes identify additional liable parties (a premises owner, a contractor) whose insurance can respond, turning an uninsured employer case into a dual-liability claim.
If your employer may be uninsured, speak with a solicitor about alternative recovery routes.
Related questions
What about product liability? Is that different from both?
Product liability is a separate framework under the Liability for Defective Products Act 1991 in Ireland. If you were injured by a defective product at work, you may have claims under product liability (against the manufacturer) and employers' liability (against your employer for providing defective equipment). The three frameworks are separate but can apply to the same accident.
Can I claim against a local authority for a footpath accident?
Yes. A footpath accident claim against a county council is a form of public liability under Irish law. The council owes a duty of care as occupier of public roads and footpaths. See our guide to local authority accident claims. Councils often argue they had an adequate inspection system in place.
Does the Claim-Type Classification Test apply to road traffic accidents?
Road traffic accidents are a separate category governed by the Road Traffic Acts and covered by compulsory motor insurance. See our guide to the difference between public liability and road traffic claims. If a work vehicle was involved, employers' liability may also apply alongside the road traffic claim.
References
- Occupiers' Liability Act 1995 (as amended). revisedacts.lawreform.ie (Revised 2024).
- Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. irishstatutebook.ie.
- Injuries Resolution Board: Making a Claim. injuries.ie (2025).
- Injuries Resolution Board. citizensinformation.ie (2025).
- Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 guidance. hsa.ie (Updated 2025).
- Liability Insurance overview. legalguide.ie (2023).
- William Fry: Changes to Occupiers' Liability in Ireland. williamfry.com (September 2023).
- Civil Liability Act 1961. irishstatutebook.ie.
- A&L Goodbody: Supreme Court Karshan ruling (PDF). algoodbody.com (October 2023).
- McCarthy & Co: Vicarious Liability in Irish Law. mccarthy.ie.
- Central Bank NCID: EL and PL Insurance data. centralbank.ie (H1 2024).
- IRB Annual Report 2024. injuries.ie (2025).
- Personal Injuries Guidelines. judicialcouncil.ie (2021).
- Occupiers' Liability Act 1995, Section 7 (liability of occupier for negligence of independent contractors). irishstatutebook.ie.
This is general legal information, not legal advice. Every case depends on its own facts. Contact a solicitor for advice about your specific situation.
Gary Matthews Solicitors
Medical negligence solicitors, Dublin
We help people every day of the week (weekends and bank holidays included) that have either been injured or harmed as a result of an accident or have suffered from negligence or malpractice.
Contact us at our Dublin office to get started with your claim today
